一篇文章通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体，直接影响到文章的质量。
文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。
Type1引述他人观点为提出自己观点铺垫
[1] It is widelycommonly acceptedhold+THAT
[2] A widely acceptedcommonly hold ideapoint of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumptionis +THAT/NP
[3] A/The dominantprevalent, prevailingideasee [2]is NP/to DO
[4] It is taken for granted+THATor:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT
[5] PeopleThe majority seem to get accustomed to the ideasee [2],without questioning,THAT
[6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ
[7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO
Type2提出异议
[1] However But,…
[2] Such ideasee[1-2],if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration.
ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable, inappropriate,improper,undesirable,
etc;
ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul, etc
[3] In factAs a matter of fact,…follow[2]
[4] However, it is not quite, necessarilythe case.
[5] This It is not quite, necessarily the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed. consideration/discussion
Type3论述的展开：说明原因和理由，层进，举例，转折
[1] The reason lies in several aspects,
[2] The reason why+clause+[1, underlined]
[3] There are several remarkable reasons.
[4] 层进in addition, besides, fruthermore, what’s more, on the other hand, meanwhile, for one thing…for another; finally, above all, in short.
[5] 举例for example, for instance, such general term as specific terms,a typical striking example is that, a case in point
[6] 转折however, but, nevertheless,on the contrary
[7] 条件if , provided that, unless, as long as,etc
Type4 就…而言;关于
[1] as far as …is/are concemed: As far as current situation is concerned
[2] as t the problem as to NP有关…的问题
Type5问题
[1] Although much effort has been made, the situation is far from satisfactory or: the problem remains unsolved, little improvement has been achieved
[2] There is a tendency, as recent study investigation has pointed out shown, revealed, indicated,+THAT
[3] There is growing concern about +NP
[4] It will inevitably is likely to result in lead tounwanted serious consequence or NP
[5] Unfortunately,…
[6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.
[7] The process, once initiated, is most likely irreversible.
[8] We are constantly frequently faced with NP
TYPE6重要与必要;应注意与重视
[1] NP1 is of great importance necessity, value in NP2 or: NP is of enormous significance
[2] The importance necessity of NP to do sth. lies in the fact that…
[3] NP1 plays, as is known, an irreplaceably important role in NP2
[4] The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant obvous
[5] NP1 is an indispensable part of NP2
[6] It is important necessary to DO
[7] Special attention should be pay to …or: We should pay special attention to…
[8] What we should take into consideration is +NP
Type7行动
[1]immediate, emergent, effective Measures are being taken has been taken, should be taken to DO
[3] We have made much effort, there is still more we need to make cf. We have learnt a lot, there is much more we need to lea123
Type8二择其一
[1] If it were left for me to decide whether wh-clause,I would, without hesitation, choose+to DO or: I would prefer the former/the latter
[2] To DO/NP is a matter of prerence.
[3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.
[4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.
[5] In fact, we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.
[6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely
[7] of two conflicting ideas, concepts Though conflicting to one another, they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.
[8] The benefits of NP are varied…
[9]While disadvantages are unavoidable, it is the advantages that prevail.
